A Comparative Study between Persian Gardens Design and Five Principles of Pirnia Iranian Architecture

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Departement of Architecture, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehn, Iran

2 Department of Architecture, University of Applied Science and Technology (Ofogh), Tehran, Iran

Abstract

This paper scrutinizes the recognition of the principles and parameters of traditional Iranian architecture in its historical gardens. Iranian traditional architecture has followed common principles and methods over millennia, encompassing a wide range of buildings such as houses, mosques, schools, and gardens.
Among Iranian architecture scholars, Pirnia is known as one of the most prominent, having proposed five principles of Iranian architecture through studying traditional architecture and urban design in Iran. Studying these principles in each type of Iranian architecture can assist in understanding more about the architecture of Iran. Given the special significance of the Persian garden as a valuable example of the historical landscape and cultural heritage of this land, the authors of this paper aim to compare the features of the Persian garden with Pirnia's five principles of Iranian architecture. To ensure accuracy in this research, these principles will also be studied and analyzed in four valuable types of Persian gardens from different historical eras that UNESCO has registered and contain living vegetation. In this study, with the descriptive-analytical method, five principles of Iranian architecture compiled by Pirnia are compared with natural elements (water and plants) and built elements (pavilion) of selected gardens and the principles of Iranian architecture are identified and described in them. The results show the compatibility of these principles with Persian garden design, which can also be utilized in contemporary landscape design.

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Journal of Design Thinking

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 01 July 2026

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